Heart problems are a growing concern in India, with cardiovascular diseases causing nearly 28% of all deaths, as estimated by the Indian Council of Medical Research. While heart attacks get more attention, vascular diseases which affect the blood vessels carrying blood to and from the heart are equally critical. 

Vascular surgery is a specialised medical field that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the vascular system, which includes arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. 

“Vascular surgery is not just about fixing arteries—it is about giving patients a second chance at a healthier and more active life. With early diagnosis and timely intervention, we can prevent strokes, save limbs, and improve long-term well-being,” says Dr. Dinesh Kumar Mittal, a Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgeon with three decades of experience.

This blog discusses the types and benefits of vascular surgery and answers how it prevents stroke and aneurysm rupture.

When is a Vascular Surgery Necessary?

You may require vascular surgery if you have a condition that affects your arteries, veins, or lymphatic system, leading to reduced blood flow, pain, or serious complications. Some common conditions include:

• Peripheral artery disease
• Carotid artery disease (stroke risk)
• Aortic aneurysm
• Chronic vein problems
• Diabetic foot ulcers
• Varicoceles
• Circulatory disorders

If lifestyle changes and medications do not improve vascular health, your doctor may recommend surgery to prevent complications.

What are the Types of Vascular Surgery?

The choice of surgery depends on the severity of the disease, the patient’s health, and the specific vascular condition being treated. 

1. Open Surgery

This standard approach involves making a large incision to directly access and repair damaged or blocked blood vessels. It is used for complex aneurysm repair, peripheral artery bypass, and severe carotid artery disease.

2. EVAR (Endovascular Aneurysm Repair)

EVAR is a minimally invasive procedure used for aneurysm repair, particularly for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Instead of making a large incision, a catheter is inserted through the groin, which guides a stent graft to the weakened artery. 

3. TEVAR (Thoracic Endovascular Aneurysm Repair)

TEVAR is a specialised version of EVAR used for thoracic aortic aneurysms. It follows a similar minimally invasive approach, placing a stent graft to strengthen the artery wall and prevent aneurysm rupture. 

4. Angioplasty and Stenting

This is used for treating artery diseases (peripheral & carotid). Using a balloon catheter, a stent is placed inside the artery to keep it open and maintain proper blood flow. Angioplasty and stenting help reduce the risk of strokes and amputations.

5. Carotid Endarterectomy

It is a stroke prevention surgery recommended for patients with severe artery narrowing (stenosis) that removes plaque buildup from the carotid arteries in the neck, which supply blood to the brain. 

6. Bypass Surgery

It is used when a major artery is severely blocked and cannot be treated with stenting or angioplasty. A healthy blood vessel (graft) from another part of the body is used to create a new path for blood to bypass the blocked artery. 

7. Varicose Vein Surgery

For patients with varicose veins, vascular surgeons use laser therapy, sclerotherapy, vein stripping & ligation to remove or seal off problematic veins, improving circulation and reducing pain.

8. Thrombectomy & Embolectomy

These emergency vascular surgeries are performed to remove blood clots (thrombi or emboli) that block arteries and veins. They are crucial in preventing complications like pulmonary embolism, stroke, and acute limb ischemia.

What are the Benefits of Vascular Surgery?

The advantages of undergoing vascular surgery include:

• Restored blood flow: Enhances oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues while improving organ function.
• Reduced risk of complications: Timely intervention can prevent strokes, aneurysm ruptures, and other severe outcomes.
• Improved quality of life: Alleviation of symptoms like pain and swelling leads to better daily functioning and well-being.

“Dr. Mittal performed my coronary angiography, and I am so grateful for the care I received. He explained the procedure clearly, which eased my anxiety, and everything went smoothly. The team was supportive, and the procedure was quick and painless. Thank you, Dr. Mittal.” shares a patient of Dr. Dinesh Kumar Mittal.

How to Prepare for Vascular Surgery in India?

Preparation for vascular surgery in India requires careful planning to ensure a streamlined procedure and optimal recovery.

• Pre-surgery tests: Comprehensive assessments, including blood tests and imaging studies, to determine the best surgical approach.
• Managing medications: Discuss current medications with your doctor; some may need to be adjusted or paused before surgery.
• Lifestyle adjustments: Cease smoking, maintain a balanced diet, and engage in light exercise as advised to enhance recovery.

What Happens After Vascular Surgery?

Recovery varies based on the procedure:

• Hospital stay: Duration depends on the surgery type, with minimally invasive procedures requiring shorter stays.
• Activity level: Slow return to daily activities is encouraged and avoid strenuous tasks.
• Follow-up care: Periodic check-ups to monitor recovery and manage any complications.

Subodh Sachdev, whose father’s bypass surgery was performed by Dr. Dinesh Kumar Mittal, expressed his satisfaction, “My father was admitted at Fortis Shalimar Bagh with low heart rate but ultimately diagnosed with three arteries blocked, and bypass was required to take care of the issue. Dr. Dinesh Mittal… performed surgery after a few complications. Ultimately, my father came out of this deadly situation only due to the expertise of Dr. Mittal and his team. Thanks to all of them.“

What are the Risks Associated with Vascular Surgery?

Some potential complications include:

• Bleeding and infection
• Blood clots
• Re-narrowing of arteries
• Organ damage (depending on the surgery location)
• Reaction to anaesthesia

Despite these risks, the benefits of endovascular procedures in preventing complications outweigh the potential downsides, especially when performed by experienced vascular surgeons. 

Dr. Dinesh Kumar Mittal highlights, “Minimally invasive vascular surgery has transformed patient care by reducing recovery times, minimising complications, and improving long-term outcomes. These advanced techniques allow patients to resume their daily activities faster and with less discomfort.”

How Much Does Vascular Surgery Cost in India?

The cost of vascular surgery in India is based on the procedure type, hospital location, and surgeon expertise. On average, it lies between INR 1,00,000 and INR 5,00,000 (USD 1200 and USD 6000 for international patients), with procedures like aneurysm repair and arteriovenous malformation surgery on the higher side of this range.

Conclusion

For vascular disease treatment, these interventions offer solutions that prevent life-threatening complications such as strokes and aneurysm ruptures. Patients benefit from effective treatments with reduced recovery times as endovascular procedures continue to advance. 

FAQs

1. What lifestyle changes can help prevent vascular diseases?

Regular exercise, a balanced diet, stress management, and quitting smoking can reduce the risk of vascular diseases. 

2.  How does vascular surgery differ from cardiac surgery?

Vascular surgery treats blood vessels and the lymphatic system throughout the body, while cardiac surgery focuses specifically on the heart.

3. Are there any non-surgical treatments available for vascular conditions?

Yes, medications, lifestyle changes, and minimally invasive procedures like angioplasty can help manage some vascular conditions.

4. How can I recognise the early signs of vascular disease?

Leg pain while walking, swelling, skin discolouration, and slow-healing wounds are common early signs. 

5. Does vascular surgery have a high success rate?

Yes, especially with advanced techniques and experienced surgeons. The success rate depends on overall health and post-surgery care.

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